The    Federation   of   the   '7orld 
Walter  J  ,    Bartnett 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


Clje  jftlieratton 
of  tl)e  morlH 


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THE    FEDERATION 
OF  THE  WORLD 


BY 

WALTER    J.    BARTNETT 

MBMBBR  AMBRICAN  SOCIETY  OF  INTERNATIONAL  LAW 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
THE    MURDOCK    PRESS 

1906 


The  Federation  of  the  World 


The  federation  of  the  world — a  conception  so  grandiose  as 

probably  to  seem  chimerical  to  one  who  has  not  observed  the 

^  signs  of  the  times,  seems  nevertheless  to  be  slowly  but  surely 

C^  taking  form  and  substance. 

'^       Far  in  the  past,  on  the  minds  of  the  world-conquerors,  shone 

tthe  ideal  of  a  world  united.  In  the  present,  on  many  a  mind 
is  shining  this  great  ideal ;  but  now  A-d.i  the  dreamt-of  tyranny 
r\  of  the  past  been  glorified  into  the  idea  of  a  union  of  the 
iL     nations  in  a  voluntary  federation. 

j^       Like  the  growth  of  a  tree  from  a  seed,  the  growth  of  the 
-^    modern  ideal  has  been  of  an  inevitable  and  fateful  character; 
and  in  its  present  stage  a  discerning  eye  can  perceive  the  out- 
lines of  the  grand  consummation. 

Immediately  preceding  the  more  definite  conception  of  a 
to  world-federation  are  to  be  seen  a  number  of  nourishing  fac- 

<n  ... 

J2  tors — each  adding  its  quota,  its  energy ;   as,  for  example,  the 
>r  application  of  steam  to  navigation  and  to  land  transportation, 
^  the  extension  of  telegraph  and  telephone,  the  industrial  inven- 
^  tions  which  have  rendered  each  country  dependent  on  others 
■c  for  vast  quantities  of  supplies,  the  practice  of  international 
^  loaning  of  money,  the  growth  of  international  brotherhoods, 
"^  the  readier  and  cheaper  production  of  books,  the  growth  of 
the  press,  the  increase  of  general  education,  and  the  consequent 
partial  elimination  of  national  prejudices ;  each  of  these  bring- 
ing material  benefit  and  inculcating  ideas  of  interdependence 
and  mutual  help  on  a  national  scale. 

Let  us  consider  now  that  which  corresponds  to  the  sapling — 
the  young  form  which,  out  of  the  darkness  and  groping  of 

3 


.•Jli8JiO 


the  life  in  the  soil,  has  risen  to  view  and,  though  but  partly 
developed,  foreshadows  the  coming  tree. 

It  is  commonly  accepted  that  the  welfare  and  prosperity 
of  mankind  depend  more  upon  agriculture  than  upon  any 
other  industry.  Statistics  from  all  lands  on  the  production 
and  consumption  of  agricultural  products,  intelligently  dis- 
seminated, must  affect  the  destinies  of  millions  of  people. 
Official  and  reliable  data  concerning  the  results  obtained  by 
such  men  as  Luther  Burbank,  and  miscellaneous  information 
such  as  that  gathered  by  organizations  like  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  if  spread  throughout  the  world 
freely  for  the  benefit  of  all  who  are  interested,  cannot  but 
profoundly  influence  for  the  better  the  agriculture  of  the 
world  and  consequently  improve  the  condition  of  the  people. 
If  the  advance  made  by  our  farmers  in  wheat-growing  during 
the  past  ten  years  could  be  intelligently  presented  to  the 
peasants  of  Russia,  much  of  the  agrarian  trouble  of  that  coun- 
try would  be  remedied.  If  the  information  that  the  California 
fruit-growers  possess  could  be  transmitted  to  the  agriculturists 
in  Siberia,  fruit-growing  would  in  a  decade  be  one  of  the 
great  industries  of  a  large  portion  of  that  territory.  On  the 
other  hand,  could  the  agriculturists  of  our  country  receive 
accurate  information  freely  and  readily  concerning  the 
products  of  field  and  orchard  and  vineyard  of  the  remainder 
of  the  world,  our  advance  in  these  matters  must  proceed  apace. 
The  food  supply  of  hundreds  of  millions  of  people  is  now 
being  brought  from  far-distant  points;  to  cheapen  the  mar- 
keting and  insure  the  purity  of  this  food  must  necessarily 
affect  the  well-being  of  those  who  depend  upon  it.  Reliable 
information  as  to  crops  and  as  to  agricultural  products  in 
storage  and  in  transit  the  world  over,  will  tend  to  promote  a 
better  adjustment  of  supply  to  demand,  promptly  and  some- 
times with  incalculable  benefit  to  millions  of  people,  as  in 
cases  of  threatened  famine. 

Our  country  spends  millions  per  annum  in  securing  infor- 
mation of  this  character  pertaining  to  its  own  territory,  but 
the  benefits  derived  are  but  partial,  owing  to  the  lack  of 
accurate  stati-sties  concerning  other  countries. 

4 


The  inference  from  all  this  is:  that  the  welfare  of  the 
world  is  to  a  considerable  degree  suffering  from  a  want  of  co- 
operation of  the  nations  in  this  very  vital  department  of 
human  activity;  and  that  it  would  be  to  the  advantage  of 
all  were  the  governments  of  the  world  to  come  to  an  agreement 
on  this  subject — an  agreement  best  embodied  in  a  permanent 
form,  perhaps,  by  the  establishment  of  an  international  board 
of  competent  delegates  from  each  nation,  whose  duty  it  should 
be  to  promote  the  advancement  of  all  forms  of  agriculture 
throughout  the  world  irrespective  of  nationality  or  of  personal 
interests. 

To  one  man  belongs  the  honor  of  perceiving  this  clearly 
and  of  bringing  it  about — Mr.  David  Lubin,  of  California. 
Through  his  efforts  was  the  King  of  Italy  converted  to  his 
views.  Thereupon  under  the  leadership  of  the  King  was 
inaugurated  a  movement  of  such  strength  that  finally  forty- 
two  nations  assented  to  the  plan  of  co-operation  proposed; 
and  but  a  short  time  ago  the  Senate  of  the  United  States 
ratified  a  protocol  committing  our  country  to  its  support. 
Thus  has  been  born  the  International  Institute  of  Agriculture, 
to  be  supported  by  funds  from  the  treasuries  of  nearly  all 
nations — the  first  voluntary  world-movement  of  all-embracing 
import. 

So  interrelated  are  human  affairs  that,  having  been  firmly 
established  and  begun  its  work,  this  institute  will  gradually 
enlarge  its  scope  and  more  and  more  firmly  cement  the 
common  interests  of  mankind  throughout  the  world.  And 
so  potent  is  suggestion  and  so  fecund  are  fundamental  ideas, 
that  from  this  new  organization  and  that  older  one,  the  Inter- 
national Postal  Union,  which  has  accomplished  so  much  for 
the  intercommunication  of  the  peoples  of  the  world,  will  spring 
others  of  their  sort. 

The  movements  which  are  embodied  in  the  Interpar- 
liamentary Union  and  the  American  Society  of  International 
Law  are  directed  toward  the  codification  of  international  law 
and  the  firm  establishment  of  principles  that  will  be  recognized 
by  the  courts  of  every  land.  During  the  Russo-Japanese 
trouble  the  peoples  of  many  lands  were  concerned  with  the 

5 


question  as  to  what  articles  were  contraband.  The  principles 
of  international  law  as  interpreted  by  various  writers  were 
not  uniform,  the  result  being  that  merchants  were  at  a  loss 
as  to  what  course  of  action  to  follow.  This  is  an  example 
Oi!  many  that  might  be  presented  wherein  great  benefits  will 
flow  from  the  coming  together  of  all  nations  in  an  institution 
that  will  reduce  these  matters  to  order  and  uniformity;  the 
principles  finally  settled  upon,  to  become  active  by  being 
incorporated  in  the  various  international  treaties. 

In  connection  with  the  establishment  of  the  International 
Institute  of  Agriculture  and  the  formulation  of  definite  laws 
operative  between  the  nations  in  peace  and  in  war,  there  may 
well  be  considered  the  establishment  of  a  permanent  body  of 
delegates  to  regulate  matters  of  international  commerce,  thus 
providing  for  greater  commercial  freedom,  minimizing  the 
risks  of  commerce,  and  affording  greater  legal  protection  and 
personal  security  to  the  people  that  engage  in  commerce. 
Through  the  power  of  the  Federal  Government  to  regulate  in- 
terstate conmierce,  we  in  our  country  have  been  able  to  correct 
some  of  the  greater  abuses  that  flow  from  the  selfishness  of 
man ;  for  instance,  that  of  the  sale  of  impure  foods,  and  that 
of  the  lack  of  sanitation  of  packing  establishments.  Such 
matters  could  be  regulated  on  a  world-wide  scale  by  an  Inter- 
national Commerce  Commission. 

In  relation  to  the  foregoing,  and  matters  for  consideration 
by  such  a  commission,  are  the  folloAving: — 

1.  The  adoption  of  a  uniform  standard  of  exchange  through- 
out the  world.  We  all  know  the  great  benefits  that  have 
resulted  from  the  adoption  by  many  nations  of  the  gold 
standard.  Yet  the  adoption  of  this  standard  is  but  a  part 
of  the  great  work  that  must  be  done  to  render  stable  the 
commerce  of  the  nations.  "When  all  have  adopted  the  gold 
standard  —  as  they  doubtless  will  —  a  second  step  will  be 
required,  namely.— 

2.  The  adoption  of  a  common  system  of  exchange,  or  money 
which  will  be  good  the  world  over.  There  is  no  reason  why 
a  sy.stem  of  exchange  cannot  be  devised  that  will  be  a  common 
mea.sure  of  value  in  all  civilized  lands. 


3.  The  establishment  of  a  common  standard  of  weights  and 
measures.  The  good  this  will  accomplish  is  obvious.  The 
use  of  the  metric  system  is  gradually  being  extended;  in 
another  decade  it  will  probably  have  become  universal. 

4.  The  introduction  of  a  universal  language.  Such  a 
language,  of  scientific  construction  and  capable  of  easy  expan- 
sion concurrent  with  growing  needs  of  nomenclature  due  to 
new  inventions  and  scientific  discoveries, — a  language  which 
shall,  along  with  the  mother-tongue,  be  taught  in  the  schools 
of  all  nations, — would  be  an  important  factor  in  the  promotion 
of  international  understanding  and  popular  benefit. 

Through  all  these  things  will  the  peoples  of  the  earth  be 
brought  into  closer  and  closer  commercial  relations.  Commerce 
will  be  greatly  increased.  In  many  ways  will  the  material 
welfare  of  all  be  advanced.  Through  the  masses  of  the  popu- 
lations will  be  diffused  a  greater  and  greater  knowledge;  and 
the  consequent  better  understanding  of  one  another  will  result 
in  a  further  gain — a  gain  inexpressible  in  terms  of  commerce. 

The  question  may  now  be  asked :  What  is  to  be  the  effect  of 
these  movements  upon  the  destiny  of  nations  ? 

Let  us  try  to  answer  this. 

First:  The  true  function  of  government  is  the  advance- 
ment of  the  welfare  of  all  classes.  This  function  applies  most 
particularly  to  the  care  of  the  proletariat.  To  advance  the 
masses  morally  and  intellectually  it  is  essential  to  advance 
them  first  in  a  material  way :  it  is  requisite  to  supply  them  with 
work  and  increase  their  productive  capacity — their  power  of 
acquiring  for  themselves  from  soil  and  mine  and  factory  and 
trade  a  greater  income  and  thus  a  better  environment  and 
more  leisure.  For  example,  the  people  of  Russia  must  be 
taught  how  to  utilize  the  energy  of  their  vast  water-power,  as 
the  people  of  New  York  use  that  of  Niagara  and  the  Cali- 
fornians  that  of  the  streams  from  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The 
workers  of  the  world  who  are  following  primitive  methods 
must  be  shown  how  to  more  fully  develop  the  energies  of  soil 
and  mine  and  stream  through  modern  methods.  Thus  will  be 
aroused  in  them  renewed  and  more  intelligent  industry,  with 

7 


greater  scope  for  the  employment  of  their  minds:  this,  seem- 
ingly slow  though  it  may  be,  will  inevitably  result  in  intellec- 
tual, moral,  spiritual,  and  political  progress.  This  awakening 
of  the  higher  nature  in  the  masses  will  gradually  be  brought 
about  by  the  interworking  of  many  factors,  notably  through 
free  and  compulsory  education,  but  chiefly  perhaps  through 
the  wide  diffusion  by  the  individual  governments  of  knowl- 
edge appealing  to  the  immediate  self-interest  of  men,  enab'ing 
them  to  earn  more  with  a  given  amount  of  labor, — knowledge 
derived  from  the  general  information  and  the  statistics  pub- 
lished by  such  international  institutes  as  we  have  spoken  of. 

Secondly:  The  greater  enlightenment  of  the  people  of  all 
lands  means  ultimately  the  greater  stability  of  government. 
As  the  people  become  more  enlightened,  they  will  have  an 
ever-growing  voice  in  government.  As  this  proceeds,  they  will 
demand — and  some  are  beginning  to  demand  it  now — freedom 
from  the  burden  of  taxation  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining 
the  immense  standing  armies  and  the  great  navies.  In  Italy 
the  income  tax  alone  is  14  per  cent  of  incomes,  and  the  total 
tax  in  some  sections  of  that  country  amounts  to  30  per  cent 
of  the  gross  earnings  of  the  people.  Already  in  Italy  there 
is  a  movement  of  great  proportions  opposing  the  voting  of 
further  sums  for  army  and  navy.  The  masses  of  Hungary 
are  thinking  the  same  way,  as  also  are  a  large  party  in  France 
and  a  considerable  party  in  Germany.  The  prosperity  of 
Canada  and  Australia  has  tended  to  broaden  the  minds  of 
the  masses  of  England  in  respect  to  taxation :  perhaps  it  was 
partly  in  consequence  of  this  that  the  voters  of  England  in 
the  last  election  more  forcibly  than  ever  before  expressed 
themselves  in  opposition  to  the  expenditure  of  large  sums  of 
money  for  the  maintenance  of  the  army. 

In  this  connection  the  Russian  nation  is  a  particularly  in- 
teresting subject.  The  peasants  of  Russia  are  thinking  po- 
tently. The  Douma,  temporarily  discountenanced,  will  be- 
come within  a  decade  a  power  little  dreamed  of  today  by 
many  of  the  statesmen  of  Europe.  Russia  is  the  one  country 
in  Europe  that  can  be  called  the  United  States  of  Europe. 
The  most  despotic  of  governments,  she  nevertheless  is  think- 

8 


ing  today  the  thoughts  of  America  and  studying  American 
institutions,  and  in  the  next  twenty  years  will  have  enforced 
many  of  our  American  ideas.  Like  the  United  States,  she  is 
composed  of  many  races.  The  Russian  territories  contain  a 
population  of  140,000,000  people,  divided  into  111  races.  Dur- 
ing the  past  thirty  years  the  government  has  been  preparing 
for  the  formation  of  the  most  democratic  state  in  all  Europe : 
unconsciously  it  has  been  laying  the  foundations  of  a  great 
constitutional  monarchy  with  power  vested  in  the  people. 
This  has  been  partly  accomplished  through  the  intercom- 
munication between  remote  portions  of  the  Empire  provided 
by  the  construction  of  one  of  the  greatest  railroad  systems  in 
the  world.  The  government  now  owns  about  30,000  miles  of 
railroads,  valued  at  more  than  $1,500,000,000.  When  the 
history  of  the  past  century  is  written,  the  construction  of  the 
great  Siberian  Railroad  must  be  recorded  as  one  of  the  most 
potent  civilizing  factors  of  the  century.  Along  the  line  of 
that  railroad  millions  of  peasants  will  settle  in  the  next 
twenty  years.  Emigration  from  European  Russia  into  the 
Siberian  territory  will  be  rapid.  Russia  now  has  her  outlet 
on  the  Pacific.  She  contemplates  building  a  new  railroad,  to 
run  from  Lake  Baikal  through  Chinese  territory  to  Pekin  and 
the  port  of  Tientsin.  This  road  will  open  to  the  people  of 
Siberia,  for  their  agricultural  products  and  their  timber,  the 
great  markets  of  China;  and  the  construction  of  the  Panama 
Canal  will  give  to  this  vast  country  a  world-market.  When 
it  is  remembered  that  Siberia  is  as  large  as  the  United  States, 
that  it  is  situated  mostly  in  the  temperate  zone,  that  it  is 
fertile,  and  that  in  great  part  the  climate  resembles  that  of 
Illinois,  one  can  readily  understand  that  here  the  Russian 
peasant  will  rapidly  advance  materially  and  commercially, 
and  that  the  form  of  government  he  will  ultimately  have,  will 
be  a  liberal  one  modeled  in  all  probability  after  that  of  the 
United  States. 

It  is  the  destiny  of  the  United  States  to  extend  a  friendly 
hand  to  the  civilization  that  will  develop  in  the  Russian 
territory  bordering  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  With  the 
friendly  aid  of  the  United  States,  the  great  markets  that  will 

9 


open  up  for  the  products  of  field  and  forest  and  mine  and 
factory  of  all  Russia,  the  gradual  enlightenment  of  the  farm- 
ers and  operatives  of  all  classes  in  the  way  of  improved 
methods  learned  through  the  agency  of  the  international  in- 
stitutes, the  whole  population  of  the  Empire  will  come  in 
time  to  have  the  same  incentives  to  general  progress  that  the 
people  of  the  United  States  have;  they  will  see  their  oppor- 
tunities in  the  lands  they  already  possess,  will  endeavor  to  de- 
velop them  to  the  utmost,  and,  like  the  peoples  of  other 
countries,  will  mightily  oppose  through  their  representatives 
in  the  Douma  the  maintenance  of  a  great  standing  army. 

As  a  general  proposition  we  may  say  that  the  principle  of 
the  government  of  the  people  by  the  people  for  the  people, 
is  becoming  universal,  and  that  when  the  peoples  of  the  Euro- 
pean countries  finally  express  themselves  fully,  it  will  be  first 
and  foremost  in  the  way  of  refusing  to  pay  taxes  for  the 
maintenance  of  great  armies  and  navies.  This  will  probably 
occur  within  the  next  twenty  years;  it  will  be  a  bloodless 
revolution ;  and  its  effect  will  be  most  beneficial  and  far-reach- 
ing, as  the  following  considerations  will  indicate : — 

The  expenditures  by  the  nations  of  Europe  for  military 
and  naval  purposes  aggregate  probably  more  than  $1,500,- 
000,000  per  year.  In  the  standing  armies  and  the  navies  of 
those  nations  there  are  now  about  4,000,000  men.  This  vast 
number  of  men  constitutes  just  so  much  energy  directed  to 
other  than  productive  ends.  What  it  costs  to  maintain  these 
men  represents,  on  the  one  hand,  money  derived  from  govern- 
mental revenues  other  than  taxes,  which  money  might  be  used 
by  the  government  for  the  public  benefit;  and  on  the  other 
hand,  money  derived  from  taxes,  which  money,  retained  by 
the  tax-payers,  would  better  their  condition. 

Were  European  states  to  disarm  as  against  one  another 
and  retain  armies  and  navies  for  policing  only,  there  would 
probably  be  released  say  three-quarters  of  these  4,000,000 
men,  or  3,000,000  men  in  good  physical  condition,  among  them 
a  considerable  number  of  very  intelligent  minds.  Assuming 
that  one-tenth  of  these  would  emigrate  to  the  New  World, 
we  have  left  2,700,000  to  engage  in  productive  work  in  Euro- 

10 


pean  countries.  Of  these  about  135,000  would  be  officers,  men 
of  trained  minds.  Assuming  that  these  2,700,000  men  would, 
on  an  average,  earn  $400  per  year  apiece,  this  would  mean 
an  increase  of  over  $1,000,000,000  per  year  in  wages  alone. 
It  is  likely,  too,  that  the  great  majority  of  these  men  would 
work  for  others  and  receive  wages  considerably  lower  than 
the  value  they  produce. 

And  further:  We  should  have  that  part  of  the  govern- 
mental revenues  other  than  taxes,  and  that  part  of  the  in- 
comes of  civilians  expended  by  them  as  taxes,  at  present  de- 
voted to  the  maintenance  of  these  men  and  the  equipment, 
fortifications,  men-of-war,  etc.,  corresponding  to  them — re-dis- 
tributed and  turned  into  more  beneficial  channels.  The 
money  thus  set  free  to  be  applied  to  public  improvements,  and 
that  now  expended  by  civilians  as  taxes,  but  in  the  event  of 
disarmament  restored  to  them,  would  amount  in  round  num- 
bers to,  say,  $1,000,000,000. 

We  should  therefore  have  to  the  credit  of  European  nations, 
as  the  result  of  disarmament,  a  yearly  increment  of  wealth 
which  we  may  conservatively  estimate  at  $1,000,000,000,  and  a 
yearly  addition  to  public  improvements  and  personal  com- 
fort and  well-being  represented  by  the  amount  of  $1,000,- 
000,000,— a  total  betterment  of  $2,000,000,000 ! 

While  the  foregoing  figures  cannot  in  any  case  be  considered 
exact,  they  nevertheless  are  so  nearly  so  as  to  indicate  the 
magnitude  of  the  benefit  that  would  result  from  disarmament. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  words  from  Mr. 
Vivian  of  the  British  House  of  Commons  are  to  the  point: — 
"War  expenditure  lessens  the  national  and  commercial  credit, 
intensifies  the  unemployed  problem,  reduces  the  resources 
available  for  social  reform,  and  presses  with  exceptional 
severity  upon  the  industrial  classes." 

And  the  following  from  an  editorial  in  ' '  The  Japan  Weekly 
Chronicle"  (Kobe)  : — "War"  (and  he  might  have  added — a 
constant  readiness  for  war)  "creates  an  incubus  of  debt 
which  lies  as  a  permanent  dead  weight  upon  a  country's  life 
and  enterprise — which  militates  against  those  works  of  public 
utility  absolutely  necessary  for  the  national   progress,   and 

11 


necessarily  imposes  a  burden  of  taxation  which  is  felt  by  every 
class. ' ' 

The  followinc:  also  is  pertinent: — In  1905  England  spent 
on  her  army  and  navy  an  amount  exceeding  $300,000,000, 
whereas  in  the  same  year  she  appropriated  to  Education, 
Science  and  Art  only  $79,000,000.  These  figures  need  no 
comment. 

As  reason,  or  the  great  common-sense  of  mankind,  is  bound 
to  triumph  in  the  end,  we  may  predict  with  absolute  confi- 
dence that  in  a  comparatively  short  time — now  that  the  move- 
ment has  been  started — the  benefits  that  so  obviously  will 
accrue  from  the  cessation  of  international  wars,  will  appeal 
with  so  compelling  a  force  to  the  peoples  of  Europe  that  the 
governments  will  finally  heed  their  voice  and  gradually  dis- 
arm. In  this  it  is  likely  that  the  weaker  nations  will  lead. 
Italy — ever  one  of  the  first  nations  to  advance  new  movements 
— will  vote  to  disarm,  retaining  but  a  moderate  standing  army 
and  a  small  navy.  France  will  follow.  The  people  of  Eng- 
land will  presently  refuse  to  appropriate  money  for  extensions 
of  the  military  or  the  navy :  this  the  precursor  of  disarmament, 
which  will  follow  in  time.  Even  the  people  of  Germany, 
headed  as  they  are  by  the  ambitious  Kaiser,  who  is  the  sole 
force  of  any  magnitude  opposing  the  peace-idea,  will  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years  bring  about  reforms  in  the  interests  of 
reason  and  general  well-being. 

The  nations  having  partly  disarmed,  due  to  the  enlighten- 
ment of  the  people  and  their  greater  voice  in  the  government, 
the  appeal  to  arms  in  cases  of  international  friction  will 
inevitably  become  less  potent  than  the  appeal  to  peace  through 
arbitration — with  the  consequent  maintenance  of  commercial 
and  governmental  stability. 

Therefore — repeating  our  propositions:  first,  that  the  true 
function  of  government  is  the  advancement  of  the  welfare  of 
all  classes;  and  secondly,  that  the  greater  enlightenment  of 
the  people  of  all  lands  means  ultimately  the  greater  stability 
of  government;  and  setting  beside  these  propositions  the  fact 
that  the  principle  of  the  government  of  the  people  by  the 

12 


people  for  the  people  is  becoming  universal,  and  the  fact 
that  the  nations  are  beginning  to  realize  the  self-interest  that 
lies  in  co-operation — we  have  a  warrant  unimpeachable  for 
the  faith  that  is  in  us;  namely,  that  in  the  course  of  but  a 
few  years  we  shall  see  the  shaping  of  a  true  world-movement 
— for  Japan  and  China,  the  United  States  of  America,  and 
the  rest  of  the  civilized  world  will  join  with  the  nations  of 
Europe — toward  the  effectuation  of  an  international  under- 
standing embodied  in  a  permanent  institution  of  universal 
scope. 

We  have  now  considered  those  things  that  correspond  to 
the  hidden,  unconscious  forces  which  precede  the  appearance 
of  the  tree  above  ground,  and  we  have  considered  the  things 
which  correspond  to  the  early  growth  and  gradual  shaping  of 
the  tree:  let  us  now  consider  that  which  corresponds  to  the 
tree  itself,  developed. 

In  this  permanent  institution  in  which  all  nations  will  join, 
the  full  characteristics  of  the  world-federation  will  begin  to 
show  forth — hesitatingly  at  first,  for  it  will  be  subjected  to 
storms  of  criticism,  blights  of  self-interest,  heats  of  prejudice ; 
but,  even  so,  it  will  grow  the  hardier,  and  more  deeply  will 
it  send  its  roots  down  into  the  heart  of  humanity  and  to 
greater  purpose  will  it  raise  aloft  its  noble  presence  in  the 
pure  air  of  altruism,  of  universal  benefit  and  good-will. 

This  permanent  institution,  this  parliament  of  widest  scope, 
which  is  to  embody  the  international  understanding,  will  from 
its  very  nature  eventually  include  within  its  purview  the  more 
specialized  international  institutes.  The  details  of  its  devel- 
opment we  can  hardly  foretell  with  definiteness,  but  we  may 
say  with  some  confidence  that  the  earliest  action  taken  by  the 
great  nations  of  the  world  will  probably  be  the  signing  of  a 
protocol  whereby  they  will  cede  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  par- 
liament a  certain  armament,  a  certain  number  of  ships  and 
sailors  and  soldiers,  for  the  purpose  of  executing  the  decrees 
of  the  tribunal ;  thus  enabling  all  the  nations  with  safety  to 
disarm  as  against  one  another,  retaining  only  such  armies  and 
navies  as  they  may  need  for  policing  purposes.    The  protocol 

13 


will  develop  into  a  constitution  providing  for  executive,  ju- 
dicial and  legislative  departments,  and  embodying  articles 
which  in  time  all  nations  will  ratify.  And  upon  this  must 
inevitably  follow  the  arbitration  of  international  disputes, 
the  cessation  of  international  war. 

Strange  is  it  to  contemplate — and  we  see  in  it  the  working 
of  the  Reason  which  rules  the  world— that  to  the  head  of  the 
most  despotic  of  the  great  nations  and  to  a  representative  of 
the  most  democratic  belongs  the  credit  of  first  practically  urg- 
ing the  idea  of  the  promotion  of  a  peace  universal:  to  the 
Czar  Nicholas  and  to  Andrew  Carnegie  is  the  world  indebted 
for  the  preliminary  shaping  of  this  grand  conception. 

^Ir.  Carnegie  has  given  much  thought  to  this  subject.  Sev- 
eral years  ago  he  pointed  out  the  great  benefits  that  must 
result  from  the  organization  of  the  nations  into  "The  United 
States  of  the  World."  His  interest  in  the  American  Society 
of  International  Law  and  in  the  peace  conferences,  and  his 
construction  at  The  Hague  of  the  Temple  of  Peace,  where 
will  be  housed  the  International  Board  of  Arbitration  and 
also,  we  hope,  the  International  Institute  of  Agriculture  and 
all  other  international  institutes,  for  we  believe  that  in  this 
case  the  sooner  will  be  effected  the  union  of  all  in  a  true  In- 
ternational Parliament— all  this  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Carnegie 
will  contribute  much  to  the  success  of  this  great  movement 
which  has  for  its  object  the  preservation  of  peace  and  the 
betterment  of  the  peoples  of  all  lands. 

It  is  greatly  to  be  desired  that  the  International  Institute 
of  Agriculture  be  permanently  housed  at  The  Hague.  The 
presence  there  of  the  representatives  of  that  institute,  working 
together  to  better  the  economic  conditions  of  their  respective 
countries,  would  be  a  factor  of  great  potency  in  advancing  the 
cau.se  of  the  Intornational  Board  of  Arbitration  and  universal 
peace.  The  Temple  of  Peace  should  be  selected  as  the  home 
for  all  the  world-movements. 

With  the  federation  of  the  nations  under  a  constitution 
ratified  by  all ;  with  the  devotion  of  human  energies  in  this 

14 


way  to  the  material,  intellectual,  and  moral  welfare  of  hu- 
manity; with  the  growth  of  tolerance  through  knowledge; 
with  the  perception  which  is  bound  to  arise,  of  the  inter- 
relation of  all  mankind  and  of  the  fact  that  the  happiness 
and  prosperity  of  other  peoples  contribute  to  our  own  pros- 
perity and  happiness; — with  all  this  we  have  the  fullness  of 
growth  which  corresponds  to  the  developed  and  firmly  planted 
tree, — a  tree  indeed,  whose  trunk  is  humanity  itself,  whose 
greater  limbs  are  the  greater  nations  and  whose  smaller  limbs 
are  the  smaller  nations,  whose  roots  are  the  roots  of  humanity 
in  the  Source  of  All,  whose  sap  is  the  Spirit  of  Life. 

Inevitable,  fateful,  not  to  be  stayed  in  its  growth — obviously 
a  part  of  the  Divine  Plan — proceeds  this  great  idea.  Let  the 
mothers  and  the  teachers  of  the  land  aid  in  its  progress.  To 
spread  this  gospel  is  a  work  of  sublime  importance.  Men  and 
women  are  needed  for  this,  and  men  and  women  are  needed  in 
whom  to  embody  the  delegated  powers  of  the  nations.  In 
every  nation  is  one  person  best  fitted  to  serve  as  its  representa- 
tive. At  the  present  we  are  singularly  favored — we  Ameri- 
cans :  our  most  efficient  person  is  known  to  us.  I  refer  to  our 
President,  Theodore  Roosevelt, 

Already  has  President  Roosevelt  achieved  for  himself  a  per- 
manent place  in  history.  The  great  services  he  has,  even  so 
far,  rendered  the  cause  of  international  arbitration  and  of 
the  world's  peace,  have  determined  that.  His  timely  and  insis- 
tent mediation  in  the  Russo-Japanese  war  resulted  in  bringing 
to  a  conclusion  and  to  a  satisfactory  settlement  one  of  the 
most  costly  and  bloody  conflicts  in  the  history  of  civilization. 
His  work,  together  with  that  of  President  McKinley  and 
John  Hay,  prevented  the  partition  of  China;  and  during  his 
administration  the  United  States  has  taken  its  place  among 
the  great  world-powers.  Besides  this,  the  tendency  of  his 
mind  and  scope  of  his  thought  are  plainly  evinced  in  this 
recent  sending  of  Mr.  Root  on  his  mission  to  our  sister  na- 
tions in  South  America — a  mission  which  will  not  only 
assure  them  of  our  cordiality  and  goodwill,  but  will  tend  to 
bring  them  into  closer  relations  with  one  another  and  ameli- 

15 


'^.1  1820 


orate  greatly  the  industrial,  commercial,  and  other  condi- 
tions prevailing  among  them,  by  leading  them  to  the 
principile  of  resorting  in  cases  of  misunderstanding',  not  to 
arms,  but  to  arbitration,  thus  to  a  considerable  extent  direct- 
ing them  into  line  with  the  great  world-movements. 

When  ;Mr.  Roosevelt  shall  have  completed  his  work  as 
Chief  Executive,  what  better  cause  can  he  serve  than  that 
of  the  active  promotion  of  universal  peace?  Our  country 
urgently  needs  as  its  representative  in  the  conferences  at  The 
Hague  a  man  such  as  he.  It  should  appoint  him,  and  should 
empower  him  unstintedly  to  act  with  his  confreres  from  the 
other  great  nations  in  formulating  a  plan  for  international 
arbitration  and  federation.  He  has  proved  his  worth  and  his 
capacity.  He  would  attain  the  end  he  set  out  to  attain.  We 
hope — nay,  we  urge — that  when  the  time  is  opportune,  the 
United  States  of  America  constitute  him  its  Permanent  Dele- 
gate to  the  International  Board  of  Arbitration,  the  first 
Parliament  of  the  Federation  of  the  World. 

How  better  conclude  than  with  the  vision  of  a  poet 
whose  insights  the  world  is  hastening  to  verify  and  confirm 
to  the  full?  Looking  from  the  past  to  the  future,  he  noted 
the  progress  of  humanity  from  the  reign  of  physical  force 
and  compulsion — the  day  of  the  brute  in  man — and  saw  it 
culminate  in  the  regnancy  of  moral  suasion  and  justice — the 
day  of  true  manhood,  when : 

' ' the    war-drum    throbb  'd    no    longer,    and    tho 

battle-flags  were   furl'd 
In  the  Parliament  of  man,  the  Federation  of  the 
world. ' ' 

And  going  farther — searching  to  the  heart  of  things  with 
the  eye  of  insight — he  prophesies  the  next  step,  the  elimina- 
tion of  internal,  that  is,  industrial  or  insurrectionary,  strife 
under  the  sway  of  Reason; — the  outcome  of  it  all,  when: 

" the  common  sense  of  most  shall  hold  a  fretful 

roalm   in  awe, 
And    the    kindly    earth    shall    slumber,    lapt    in    uni- 
versal   law. ' ' 


16 


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